[1] The Guardian, "Defensive architecture keeps poverty unseen and makes us more hostile," Alex Andreou, 2015
[2] Washington Post, "How a 50-year-old study was misconstrued to create destructive broken-windows policing," Bench Ansfield, 2019
[3] Encyclopedia Britannica, "Georges-Eugene-Baron-Haussmann," (Britannica Staff)
[4] Portland University Honors Theses, "Urban Hostility," Matthew Carr, 2020
[5] Researchgate, "Design Paranoia," Cara Chellew, 2016
[6] - Canadian Journal of Urban Research, "Defending Suburbia: Exploring the Use of Defensive Urban Design Outside of the City Centre," Cara Chellew, 2019
[7] CPTED.net, "Primer in CPTED," International CPTED Association
[8] Interview with C. Ray Jeffery, Diana Fishbein, 1996
[9] The Stranger, "Seattle uses bike racks to discourage homeless camping," Heidi Groover, 20171:00:46
[10] NYT, "Hostile Architecture," Winnie Hu, 2019
[11] Washington Post, "Robert Moses and the saga of the Racist Parkway Bridges," Glenn Kessler, 2021
[12] The New Yorker, "The Other Side of "Broken Windows," Eric Klinenberg, 2018
[13] Oregon Live, "Portland's homeless campers face new obstacle," Diana Kruzman, 2019
[14] Ian Visits, "The Camden Bench," Ian Mansfield, 2016
[15] The Guardian, "Big Brother on Wheels?" Erin McCormick, 2017
[16] Scholars.org, "How Broken Windows Do and Don't Matter," Daniel O'Brien, 2019
[17] US Office of Justice Programs, "Defensible Space," Oscar Newman, 1973
[18] The Guardian, "Anti-Homeless spikes are just the latest in 'defensive uran architecture,'" Maryam Omidi, 2014
[19] Weburbanist, "Bold Guerilla Furniture," SA Rogers, 2012
[20] BBC Future, "Secret city design tricks manipulate your behavior," Frank Swain, 2013
[21] The Independent, "A homeless man was found impaled on a spike in London," Simon Usborne, 2015
[22] Hyperallergic, "Artist Launches Campaign to Call Out Hostile Urban Design," Claire Voon, 2018
[23] CNN, "Gas station installs blue lights to combat drug use," Amanda Watts, 2017
[24] Euronews, "This destructive barrier was created to stop lorry attacks," (video)
[25] The Lancet, "Effectiveness of permanent supportive housing and income assistance interventions for homeless individuals in high-income countries: a systematic review," Prof. Tim Aubry et al, 2010
[26] New York Times, "Homeless Residents Got One-Way Tickets Out of Town. Many Returned to the Streets," Mike Baker, 2019
[27] The West End Museum “Baron Haussman Destruction Paris”.
[28] Elizabeth Wood New York Times
[29] Elizabeth Wood Chicago Tribune
[30] Jeffrey’s book influence
[31] Britannica Broken Windows theory
[32] Equal Times Why Hostile Architecture Rise
[33] TPM Builders what supporters say
[34] Hidden Hostility Some of these do serve a purpose
[35] Bollard purposes
[36] Science Gallery Camden Bench
[37] ABC Camden bench quietly hurting
[38] A-di growth of hostile architecture, examples of activism
[40] Independent man died on spikes
[41] BBC anti homeless sprinklers
[42] The Guardian church uses sprinklers
[43] INSP pee proof designs
[44] conversation no public toilets
[45] The City NYC public urination
[46] Forbes public urination
[47] The Atlantic homemade solutions stopping pigs ears
[48] NPR Blue lighting unlikely help
[49] ABC blue lighting alternatives
[50] Hidden Hostility mosquito
[52] CNN Baby shark music hostile architecture
[54] Harvard awareness to public bathrooms
[55] Columbia spectator gentrification